How does a country hold elections during wartime?

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1. 1

   Renting political violence: A political economy of rents, access and violence delegation.

   Journal of peace research (Fubara)Published Aug 25, 2025Checked Oct 11, 2026

   “This article develops a theory centred around variation in electoral violence perpetrators. Focusing on the subnational level, I argue that variation in rents helps explain why some incumbents recruit armed groups while others rely on ordinary citizens. Incumbents with access to large rents can afford to hire costly yet effective armed groups. In contrast, those with limited rents recruit cheaper but less capable alternatives such as ordinary citizens. I use over one hundred interviews conducted with politicians, journalists, voters, civil society members and citizens in four Nigerian states, Lagos, Rivers, Plateau and Nasarawa, to probe the plausibility of the argument. I triangulate interview findings with newspapers and observer reports. Findings show that in Lagos and Rivers, incumbents hire and maintain armed groups such as transport workers and cult groups due to high rents, while those in the low-rents state of Nasarawa hire citizens to perpetrate violence. The study contributes to the literature on decentralization, joint production of political violence, and the resource curse.”

2. 2

   Realistic threats escalating societal conflict: electoral distrust, strong leader support, and divided justice in South Korea's 2024-2025 political crisis.

   Frontiers in psychology (Yu & Jung)Published May 4, 2026Checked Oct 11, 2026

   “Survey data from the South Korean general public collected immediately after the impeachment of President Yoon Suk Yeol show that perceptions of China as a realistic-but not symbolic-threat were associated with belief in electoral fraud, stronger support for President Yoon, and polarized justice evaluations of martial law and impeachment. Supporters viewed martial law as justified and impeachment as unjust, whereas opponents showed the opposite pattern, even after controlling for established ideological attitudes. The findings suggest that realistic threat perceptions are associated with political interpretations that prioritize ingroup security over justice concerns, as well as stronger support for strong leaders and exceptional political measures. These results show that perceived realistic threats are associated with polarized justice evaluations, as supporters and opponents interpret the same political actions in opposing ways, extending evidence on polarization beyond Western democracies to South Korea.”

3. 3

   'Time for Ukraine to get new president,' says Trump after Zelensky condemns diesel deal

   BBC NewsPublished Oct 11, 2026Checked Oct 11, 2026

   “Ukraine's leader had said the deal with Russia to release diesel into the US would help Moscow fund the war.”

4. 4

   Election (Wikipedia)

   WikipediaPublished Oct 9, 2026Checked Oct 11, 2026

   “An election is a group decision-making process whereby a portion or all of a population or group votes to choose an individual or multiple individuals to hold public office or other position of responsibility. Elections have been the usual mechanism by which representative democracy has operated since the 17th century. Elections may fill offices in the legislature, sometimes in the executive and judiciary, and for regional and local government, such as cities or towns. This process is also used in many other Standardized Associations, public businesses, and organizations, from clubs to voluntary association and corporations. The global use of elections as a tool for selecting representatives in modern representative democracies is in contrast with the practice in the democratic archetype, ancient Athens, where the elections were considered an oligarchic institution and most political offices were filled using allotment which is also known as "Sortition", by which office holders were chosen by lot. Electoral reform describes the process of introducing fair electoral systems where they are not in place, or improving the fairness or effectiveness of existing systems.”